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		<title>Women in Rooms in the literature of the 1960s</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/women-in-rooms/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 2010 06:43:43 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Doris Lessing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Grace Nichols]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jane Austen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jane Eyre]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jean Rhys]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John Fowles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Literary Space]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Literatura]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[M.Haushofer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Michael Cunningham]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sylvia Plath]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Hours]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Virginia Woolf]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Women have always had a conflictive relation with physical space. This is mainly due to the fact that conflict arises more from that which we lack than from that which we possess. And usually possession gives rise to conflict and anxiety because of the fact that it is possible to stop possessing, that is, we might lose what we possess, or we might be mistaken and not really possess at all. Space, and hence locations, are, as Lennard J. Davis put it, “intertwined with ideological explanations for the possession of property.” And he adds, “Novelistic space … is involved in a series of more or less hidden, ideological presuppositions about the nature of property and lands, foreign and domestic.” Margaret R. Higonnet has furthered, “Space is a challenging topic for feminist analysis. Feminist thinkers have called attention to physical images such as “the angel in the house” that imply the domestic confinement of women. They have asked why women have not been able to hold property, to travel freely, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=333&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Women have always had a conflictive relation with physical space. This is mainly due to the fact that conflict arises more from that which we lack than from that which we possess. And usually possession gives rise to conflict and anxiety because of the fact that it is possible to stop possessing, that is, we might lose what we possess, or we might be mistaken and not really possess at all. Space, and hence locations, are, as Lennard J. Davis put it, “intertwined with ideological explanations for the possession of property.” And he adds, “Novelistic space … is involved in a series of more or less hidden, ideological presuppositions about the nature of property and lands, foreign and domestic.” Margaret R. Higonnet has furthered, “Space is a challenging topic for feminist analysis. Feminist thinkers have called attention to physical images such as “the angel in the house” that imply the domestic confinement of women. They have asked why women have not been able to hold property, to travel freely, to define the shape of a nation, or to enter certain social arenas outside the home. In response to Woolf –“In fact, as a woman, I have no country. As a woman I want no country”- one may ask how many women have historically had full citizenship in any country at all? “A place on the map,” as Adrienne Rich has written, “is also a place in history” where writers, women and men, stand in the fullness of their identities and create texts”.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">My aim with this paper is to analyse how the female protagonists of a series of highly significant literary texts have been made to live out the importance of a space in their lives, what the meaning if this space was, how some women have reacted to the eventual acquisition of these spaces, how others have had these spaces imposed upon them, how some have succumbed quietly, how others have fired in rage within its borders, how some have skilfully survived there while others have made the most of it to their own advantage.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Directly linked to the problem of space and its property are the problem of owning oneself and the issue of identity, topics that feminism has dealt with since its beginnings.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';"><a href="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/edward-hopper-hotel-room-1931-809921.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-341" title="Edward-Hopper-Hotel-room--1931-80992" src="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/edward-hopper-hotel-room-1931-809921.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300" alt="Edward Hopper, Hotel Room, 1931" width="300" height="300" /></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The texts I pretend to scan in this particular light, that of the weight of the issue of space and identity in them, were curiously all written in the 1960s, the time of second wave feminism, that centred not only on official legal inequalities but on unofficial ones, as well as addressing many other secondary but no less significant issues such as literature and artistic creation:</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Lady Lazarus, 1962, by Sylvia Plath.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">To Room Nineteen, 1963, by Doris Lessing.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Wide Sargasso Sea, 1966, by Jean Rhys.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The French Lieutenant’s Woman, 1969, by John Fowles.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Other texts I will also consider are outside this decade, and are:.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Wherever I hang, 1989, by Grace Nichols.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The Hours, 1999, by Michael Cunningham, and the film adaptation of this text, directed by Stephen Daldry in 2002, whose script was written by David Hare..</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">These as to the texts directly related to this course, English Literature III..</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Others which are just indirectly related, but are previous readings of English Literature, are:.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The Wife’s Lament, 10th c, anonymous.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">As You Like It, 1599, by William Shakespeare.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Pride and prejudice, 1813, by Jane Austen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontë.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">A Room of One’s Own, 1934, by Virginia Woolf.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">And one which has nothing to do with the course but, again, belongs to the 1960s, is:.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The Wall, 1962, by Marlen Haushofer.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">All of them have to do with the issue of women in rooms, women in space, and their identity; all of them stand as if on each others shoulders, conquering further than the text before, reaching far up, far in (as Lessing said in the Epigraph to Briefing for a Descent into Hell : “For there is never anywhere to go but in”) for ultimate freedom, trying to escape even from the last resort. And this is a process that has been going on since the beginning of literature, since even before, up to the present day.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';"><span id="more-333"></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">It all began long ago, when Woman was held responsible for the loss of the Garden of Eden, in the primeval mists of Man’s imagination. Woman, who was no else that Man’s property as she had been made to ensue from his rib. Woman who from the very beginning was not given Eden, for that was given to Man, but who was herself given to Man. Of course, God, creator of the whole situation, could not be blamed for this loss and of the only two other possible scapegoats, Adam and Eve, the blame was put on Eve, who was made to play the part of rebel in the story. “Put the blame on Mame, boy” goes the song in Gilda.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Centuries later we find woman living in the wild: ”My lord commanded me to stay in this place…I was told to live in an earth-cave beneath an oak tree amid the forest”. It is the woman in “The Wife’s Lament”, from the Book of Exeter, an Anthology of Anglo-Saxon poetry dated between 960 and 990, and the extraordinary weight of this command lies both in its source, man, now a parallel of God as far as woman is concerned, for her destiny is in his hands, as in the space provided, a cave in the forest. Woman banished from the community, supposedly because she was a peace-maker and peace did not work out, is made to inhabit a shelter amid nature, where she laments her doom as outcast. Indeed there is historic bias in her voice, and most probably the text was written by a man, but it is her dim voice after all –Woman’s “little voice”, as Lessing has said- , maybe woman’s first voice in English literature. And her sin is there beside her, the fact she did not fulfil her role.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">A woman, a role, a sin, and a refuge.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">More time has to pass before we hear of woman inhabiting another kind of natural place, a garden, though this one a wholly human one and back inside the community. Elisabeth A. Augspach describes the garden as becoming woman’s space in the 12<sup>th</sup> and 13<sup>th</sup> century medieval literature, and the opposing values of gardens linked to the Virgin Mary and those controlled by unnatural fairylike women who threaten the social order. The garden may represent woman as intact virgin or a bazaar of sensual pleasures, as virtue personified or sin incarnate. A good example of this is to be found in Edmund Spencer’s The Faerie Queene  in 1590.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">So women by now have conquered a garden, though if they are not absolutely virginal, which is after all a Renaissance male imaginary representation of an ideal, they are categorized as sinful or unnatural. It seems as if our first woman, the failed peace-maker, has after all survived in the wild and come to haunt the forests.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> However, in 1599 we find Shakespeare making a very different use of a domesticated forest, nearly a garden, in As You Like It, whose heroine, Rosalind, transforms it into the arena in which to display her feminine powers of seduction without having to be termed negatively for this. Of her Harold Bloom has said (and I apologize for quoting in Spanish, as this is the only copy I have had access to) “Creo que Shakespeare debe haber estado muy apegado a esta obra…. Ha sido tan sutil y tan cuidadoso al escribir el papel de Rosalinda, que nunca nos despertamos del todo para ver lo única que es entre todos sus ingenios heroicos (o los de toda la literatura). Conciencia normativa, armoniosamente equilibrada y bellamente cuerda, es la antecesora indudable de Elisabeth Bennet en Orgullo y Prejuicio, aunque tiene una libertad social que va más allá de las cuidadosas limitaciones de Jane Austen.”</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Rosalind has conquered both a whole forest and the man she wants, perhaps even some women as well along the way. She enjoys unbounded powers in her Forest of Arden, she is, in her turn, a successful peace-maker, but this role of hers in the forest is only temporary, just a game. Having won, she comes back to the community and, restored into her house and as soon as she puts on her skirts again, she falls back into her traditional woman role. However, the power of subversion she has exerted cannot be easily forgotten. At the same time, she seems to have exhausted the motif of the forest, and it will be a long time, not until postcolonial literature, before women will be found inhabiting such natural spaces again.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">And to Bloom’s Jane Austen I will jump, though not to her character Elisabeth Bennet but to Elisabeth’s friend, Charlotte, who explains to Elisabeth why she has accepted Mr.Collins marriage proposal, a proposal Elisabeth herself had recently rejected. ““I see what you are feeling,” replied Charlotte, “you must be surprised, very much surprised, so lately as Mr. Collins was wishing to marry you. But when you have had time to think it all over, I hope you will be satisfied with what I have done. I am not romantic you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins’ character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair, as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.” Elisabeth quietly answered “Undoubtedly;” and after an awkward pause, they returned to the rest of the family.”” In the film adaptation of this novel we find Charlotte introducing Elisabeth to her small private parlour saying “We shall not be disturbed here. This parlour is for my own particular use”, perhaps a wink of Deborah Moggach, the writer of the screenplay, to the whole lot of private rooms to be claimed and conquered by women in the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Charlotte seems to have enough with that. But of course, women at the beginning of the 19<sup>th</sup> century were supposed to take it that way, whether their husbands were to their liking or not, as was Charlotte’s case. In their nook they lived their nooked in lives, their nooked in identities.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Charlotte conquers a house, by means of conquering a man. And in this house she takes the parlour for herself. As to all the other characters, and Elisabeth in particular, Isabel Soto has said “Austen invariably links money and the question of social status to the marriage institution, all three potential goals (individual or simultaneous) for women at the time”. Indeed, the problem now has become more complex and ambitious: it is not only to get yourself a place, a room, a whole set of rooms, where you can be yourself, but to climb up the social scale, equivalent to the economical scale of welfare. Except one of Elisabeth’s sisters, all the other female characters are shown to be more or less struggling for, or keenly fending others away from, property. Which, in spite of this, remains no more than a nook.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> Probably skipping on the way other significant texts, I will now enter the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In her essay A Room of One’s Own, 1934, Virginia Woolf stated quite straightforwardly that “a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction”, adding, especially, “a room with a lock on the door”. The room, now, is again problematized, though in fact only a little detail has been added here to Charlotte’s room: the lock (as the room is understood to be in the family house, and the source of the income is wisely eluded). Plus the fact that the room is needed if the woman is supposed to be a writer able to compete with men in terms of equality in the field of art. Woolf’s feminist landmark looks into the social and material conditions for the writing of literature. Though Woolf shows great insight to the problem of woman’s artistic identity, the problem has, somehow, become more sophisticated, as the common woman, she who does not desire to write or create, is not addressed. In addition, and according to Chia-hsing Chen, “Woolf’ spatial concept and strategy designed for the female writer need to some extend revision”. She then draws on Jean Guiguet’s work Virginia Woolf and her Works quoting Guiguet when he said that Woolf’s room was “the symbol of her autonomy, not only the protecting shell which will allow her to be herself, but her very substance, born of the fusion of her being with the outside world. This room, in fact, is…a closed room yet an open one at the same time. Attainable only by universal consent…” (Again my apologies, I have not been able to access Jean Guiguet’s work directly). And Chen adds this room is “closed because of its insisting on women’s privacy; open, because of its guaranteeing their participation in social lives, either inside or outside of the domestic field”. This further view does apply to the woman who does not write as well as to the one who does. It applies to the universal woman.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">We now find the need to conquer a room in the house and locking it to internal –familiar- interferences, while keeping it open to the outside world. Women are not any more to try and conquer a single space but all the space available, as is their due, though from their room. This conquest, then, has to be an abstract, metaphoric, symbolic one.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In 1963, only 29 years later, we find Susan, the protagonist of Doris Lessing’s To Room Nineteen, having access to money –though not her own- and getting herself a room in order to allow the survival of the person she has intimately discovered she can be. Several instances lead Susan to admit she has wearied of her traditional female role, but she still holds on to her marriage, her children, her house, her garden, and her social identity, until she finds out about her husband’s infidelity. This triggers her loss of faith in love, the only reason she had found able to justify her life of weariness, of “hidden resentments and deprivations of the woman who has lived her own life –and, above all, has earned her own living- and is now dependent on a husband for outside interests and money.” For this is a detail to consider: Susan has had a life of her own before, and has surrendered it to this marriage, these children, this house and this garden that now represent the tombstone under which she lays buried.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">And it is precisely in the garden where she starts feeling a presence that scares her. ”Susan was more and more often threatened by emptiness. (It was usually in the garden that she was invaded by this feeling: she was coming to avoid the garden, unless the children or Matthew were there with her)” And further on “…into the garden. There she sat on a bench and tried to clam herself, looking at trees, at a brown glimpse of the river. But she was filled with tension, like a panic: as if an enemy was in the garden with her.” Then “…an enemy waiting to invade me”, and “On the fourth day …she found she was storming with anger at the twins.” This is the clue to who this enemy is. It is herself, that part of her which did not compromise into a marriage and all that it involved but that served as a last resort where her true whole self was kept in waiting. As Rula Quawas has said, “the enemy…represents, quite simply, her introverted, conditioned, weaknesses and her strongest feelings or impulses of restlessness, rage, irritation and resentment that she projects or externalizes”. And this other “she” materializes in the garden, in the space women used to inhabit in the form of demons or virgins. We have been told that “the essential Susan (was) in abeyance, as if she were in cold storage” but the fire that allows life to glow had not died out, was still embers, and these embers slowly come to life and blaze against the life Susan leads. She repeatedly calls this fire “demons” until she personifies it in the figure of a man: “She imagined him, or it, as a youngish man, or perhaps a middle-aged man pretending to be young. Or a man young-looking for immaturity? At any rate, she saw the young-looking face which, when she drew closer, had dry lines about mouth and eyes. He was thinnish, meagre in build. And he had a reddish complexion, and ginger hair. That was he –a gingery, energetic man, and he wore a reddish hairy jacket, unpleasant to the touch. Well, one day she saw him. She was standing at the bottom of the garden, watching the river ebb past, when she raised her eyes and saw this person, or being, sitting on the white stone bench. He was looking at her and grinning….. She recognized the man around whom her terrors had crystallized. As she did so, he vanished….. She went back to the house thinking: Right, then, so I’ve seen him with my own eyes, so I’m not crazy after all – there is a danger because I’ve seen him. He is lurking in the garden and sometimes even in the house, and he wants to get into me and take me over. She dreamed of having a room or a place, anywhere, where she could go and sit, by herself, no one knowing where she was.”</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">The room, to which a lock had been added, now also has to be a secret room, where the demon cannot find her. But if we have concluded that the demon is a part of herself, that part which claims a right to exist, which is a man because men have not had to make that claim ever, that rages at emptiness with unabiding hunger, that is red, violent and terrifying, how can she escape from them? Can she escape from them? Lessing tells us that the demons are appeased while the secrecy of the room is unviolated, while she can be there undisturbed. But when her husband finds her out the demons return. Where to? To the room where she is most herself: “Instead of the soft dark that had been the room’s air, were now waiting for her demons”. They are not in her home at all “The devils that had haunted the house, the garden, were not there; but she knew it was because her soul was in Room 19 in Fred’s Hotel; she was not here at all”.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Always resisting the demons, always resistant to the fury and the rage of her despair, of her disappointment with life such as it has been given to her, such as she herself has chosen, fighting to hold on to the peace and quiet that shuts her off from life instead of fighting to hold her ground, she comes back to the room. With a purpose. Because of this purpose, she finds “The demons were not there. They had gone forever, because she was buying her freedom from them. She was slipping already into the dark fructifying dream that seemed to caress her inwardly, like the movement of her blood…” Finally, “she drifted off into the dark river.”</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">This “dark river” may have been the same river Virginia Woolf drowned in, despite having a room of herself, but it is certainly not the same river Sylvia Plath let herself slip into, though in strikingly similar circumstances to Susan’s: in a room and with gas.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">For earlier that same year that Lessing wrote To Room Nineteen another woman, a real woman, Sylvia Plath, author of the disturbing Lady Lazarus, got herself a room to commit suicide in, employing the same method as Susan. But it was not after three years, in 1966, that Lady Lazarus saw the light, so Lessing could not know there was a red demon in that poem too, though very different from the one that haunted Susan. However, the red demon in Lady Lazarus is perfectly integrated into the persona of the poem, as it is herself resurrected, born anew as a female version of the Bible’s Lazarus, come back to do what Plath could not do, or did not allow herself to do, in life: take vengeance on men, “eat men like air”. Plath retires into a room in order to die and suffer this phoenix-like transformation “out of the ash / I rise with my red hair” For die she must, if she is to come back to life empowered. And she warns God and Devil alike as one: “Herr God, Herr Lucifer / Beware / Beware” of her coming, a more powerful being, a human, a woman.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In their respective rooms, ready to face death, Susan and Sylvia, take seemingly opposite paths. Rula Quawas says of Lessing, “Buildings and rooms have a special meaning for Doris Lessing… these offer women an opportunity and a space to explore possibilities for growth within and beyond the perimeters of their social identity. For Lessing, a room can be a sanctuary or a place of love and visionary experience or the site of a mystical journey as well as a prison.” And particularly referring to Susan, Quawas says “…room nineteen, unlike the spare room in her house which represents limits, acts as a buffer, a place of refuge against the traditional roles of wifehood and motherhood that are characterized by Judith Gardiner as in themselves ‘existentially dead and death-creating’” It could be said that both attitudes to death, Susan’s and Plath’s take, as I said before, completely different tones, are expressed with totally opposing voices. But Quawas adds, “Susan’s self-willed death is not a defeat…(she) has reached psychic maturity, and her death is a transcendence, a liberating form of self-assertion … Susan’s silence, one might add, is not a silence of absence, of emptiness or of passivity. It is a silence of presence and fullness. Feminine silence is described in absence because one notices only the surface of a gesture, a look or a text, and fails to attend to the language of the interior. One must listen very closely for both the richness and the barrenness of silence, since what appears to be a whisper may be the echo of a laugh, or a scream transformed”. Are not in this Susan’s silence and Plath’s poetic scream the same thing?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Still, one has to wonder what would have happened if Plath’s and Susan’s husbands had not been unfaithful to them. For in both Plath’s real life as in Susan’s fictitious one it is that circumstance that triggers everything. On the other hand, it was not this that triggered Woolf’s race to death, but another factor with which women have had, and still have, a conflictive, if not ambiguous, relation with: mental balance.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">For the problem of women’s quest for identity has, in addition, to suffer the consequences of a secondary blight: the charge of madness. Susan repeatedly refers to the impulse that draws her away from her family in this light, and both Woolf and Plath were known to have suffered from several severe mental breakdowns that eventually were held responsible for their suicides, which they had attempted more than once before effectively succeeding in taking their own lives. However, in their works, in their artistic discourse, we see that all of them, Woolf, Susan and Plath approach suicide as a rational act, clear-mindedly and willingly assumed, that does not suggest madness at all. I believe this issue must, accordingly, be revised, and to do so, I will draw on two sources: another literary text that, in my opinion, is closely connected to the texts explored so far: Wide Sargasso Sea, by Jean Rhys, and the reinterpretation of Susan and Virginia Woolf made by Michael Cunningham in his 1999 novel The Hours, and David Hare’s adaptation of the text into a script for Stephen Daldry’s film of the same title, released in 2002.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> To look into Wide Sargasso Sea requires to look at least into some aspects of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre first, for Rhys said in an interview with Elisabeth Vreeland, “When I read Jane Eyre as a child, I thought, why should –Charlotte Brontë- think Creole women are lunatics and all that? What a shame to make Rochester’s first wife, Bertha, the awful madwoman, and I immediately thought I’d write the story as it might really have been. She seemed such a poor ghost. I thought I’d try to write her life.” And she did. That is the story told in Wide Sargasso Sea. As Isabel Medrano has said, “the Brontë’s were deeply concerned with the ‘condition of women’ question, and they challenged many traditional assumptions about the social position of women….their novels are full of dreams of feminine power.” On the other hand, criticism has become aware that while this was effectively applied to the character of Jane, her mirrowing alter ego Bertha had to be sacrificed to help Jane rise.  Benita Parry’s approach to Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea makes an interesting comment of this, referring to Spivak’s analysis: “Spivak argues that because of the construction of an English cultural identity was inseparable from othering the narrative as its object, the articulation of the female subject within the emerging norm of feminist individualism during the age of imperialism necessarily excluded the native female, who was positioned on the boundary between human and animal as the object of imperialism’s social mission of soul–making. Spivak assigns to Antoinette/Bertha, daughter of slave owners and heiress to a post-emancipation fortune, the role of the native female sacrificed in the cause of the subject constitution of the European female individualist”.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">It is this sacrifice which I believe makes Bertha mad. A sacrifice similar to the one Susan and lady Lazarus resist making to their male counterparts as well as to the paramount idea of how Woman should be according to society. The difference is that while Susan and Lady Lazarus eventually sacrificed themselves victoriously, Bertha/Antoinette was sacrificed against her will. While Susan relinquished the ownership she had over her life –we must remember she owned it before her marriage- Antoinette is bereft of it. For she it had all, she was an heiress, but also the object of commercial transaction by the men around her, Mr Richard Mason, and Rochester. In this case property –that is owning a room, owning space- becomes a trap as it is a lure to those men who lack it. Indeed, Rhys does not illuminate Rochester with such crude light; she rather seems to pity him in his circumstances for being a younger son. As Spivak says, “Critics have remarked that Wide Sargasso Sea treats the Rochester figure with understanding and sympathy. Indeed, he narrates the entire middle section of the book. Rhys makes it clear that he is a victim of the patriarchal inheritance law of entailment rather than of a father’s natural preference for the firstborn: in Wide Sargasso Sea , Rochester’s situation is clearly that of a younger son dispatched to the colonies to buy an heiress”. Doing so ends up being expensive to him. As to Bertha, being bought seems to result in madness. The issue of madness is in Jane Eyre merely considered to be running in the family. In Wide Sargasso Sea we see that what runs in the family is women victimization, women owning rooms, women owning whole estates, being run down by men who lust them, the estates and the women who own them. But in the time of oppressive colonial society the text is set in, women were helpless. As helpless as the whites run down by the black revolts that destroy Coulibri. Antoinette resists this situation. Coco the parrot, who in his death symbolizes and prefigures Antoinette’s death, trying to fly out of the burning house with his wings cut short by Mr. Mason, wrapped in flames, is just an animal but his effort to escape entrapment and fire, his effort to avert death, would not be considered madness but survival. That is how we should look on Antoinette. From the moment she stops being Bertha, though this happens in her dream, she simply tries to survive. The first thing to be done –and she tells herself, on wakening, she must remember it, for it is wise, it is reasonable- is to destroy the cause of her entrapment: property, the bunch of rooms Rochester was after. Then, try to escape from the fire. The reason she cannot escape is that her wings were also cut short, in this case not only by Mr. Mason, who sold her, but also by Rochester, who bought her and, in addition, did not love her. If only he had, her wings would not have been cut short. We know this because for the time he seems to do so, she flourishes. Accordingly, death cannot be avoided, and Antoinette seems to fall into the model initially designed for her by Brontë. However, and thanks to Rhys, and in Spivak’s words, “At least Rhys sees to it that the woman from the colonies is not sacrificed as an insane animal for her sister’s consolidation”.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">And why this insistence in cutting women’s wings short, in calling them mad? Rochester becomes growingly distrustful, in fact afraid, of his wife when he sees her flourish. In most of the second part of the novel, told from Rochester’s viewpoint, it is Antoinette who is in control for several reasons: because Rochester has been ill and is only slowly recovering, because they are travelling to and eventually arrive at Granbois, Antoinette’s estate, because he is in her terrain. Antoinette describes the place :”This is my place and everything is on our side”. And for a while we think that he will not take it so badly, as in the scene when they are having dinner together there comes a moth and falls into the flame of a candle, an image that parallels the previous death of the parrot and the future death of Antoinette in Thornfield Hall. Rochester says “I took the beautiful creature up in my handkerchief and put it on the railing. For a moment it was still and by the dim candlelight I could see the soft brilliant colours, the intricate pattern on the wings. I shook the handkerchief gently and it flew away”. However this state of things does not last. Rochester comments “I was young then. A short youth mine was”. Soon he is to acknowledge the deeper, truer feelings he has for her: “I did not love her. I was thirsty for her, but that is not love. I felt very little tenderness for her, she was a stranger to me, a stranger who did not think or feel as I did”. The fact is he does not want to know her. When she wants to tell him about her life, to answer to the accusation of madness, he tries to elude her. She answers “I might never be able to tell you in any other place or at any other time. No other time, now. You frightened?” In fact, he is so frightened that whatever she tells him will be to no avail, so when she finishes speaking she has to add “I have said all I want to say. I have tried to make you understand. But nothing has changed. She laughed. Don’t laugh like that, Bertha. My name is not Bertha; why do you call me Bertha? Because it is a name I’m particularly fond of. I think of you as Bertha.” It is in this precise moment that Rochester’s fear of Antoinette makes him transform her into Bertha, gaining control over the situation. Bertha, who is not a menacing being, accepts this destiny, has, in fact, no way to avert it. Antoinette dies exactly now. But Elisabeth R. Baer says “Antoinette, as we have seen, dies. But the very fact that she narrates Part Three, that she again revives her voice, is an act of assertion, a rebirth, a return”. And this reborn Antoinette is not mad, whatever Rochester thinks of her.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">This is also true of Susan’s husband, who growingly comes to think Susan is not well. Only that she also thinks so, until she discovers that only in going away and dying can she ever be all right again. So she is not mad.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Having discarded the issue of madness in both Susan and Antoinette (I dare not comment on the mental health of Woolf or Plath, of which I do not know enough) I will return to the issue of space.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In Wide Sargasso Sea Jamaica is described with the lush and beauty of another Eden. So is Granbois, which means “great forest”. Antoinette grows and flourishes in this place, to the rising disgust and horror of her husband. Both Antoinette’s first and second foreboding dreams take place in forests, the second one considered by Elisabeth R. Baer as “a hortus conclusus or ‘enclosed garden’ –Rhys uses this name- a Romance rewriting of the narcissus topos as the place of encounter with Love. In the enclosed garden, Antoinette encounters not Love but a strange threatening voice that merely says ‘in here’, inviting her into a prison which masquerades as the legalization of love”. This prison will eventually become the secluded room in the tower of Thornfield Hall. In Antoinette’s dreams return, evolve and are vilified  both the Garden and the Room, spaces where we have seen Woman exerting her powers. The presence of Man seems to foul these spaces, make them malignant and destructive to the women who attempt to occupy them.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">So in 1966 we find that owning a secret room with a lock will be of no avail, and neither will a garden, if man roams about in search of a possession for himself. Is Man’s connivance then required for Woman to own space or identity?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">There is, however, a space in Wide Sargasso Sea that belongs to Antoinette alone, a space much like the slim edge of a knife, and as dangerous, but wholly hers. It is the space of her dreams. In her dreams Antoinette lives a parallel life of which Elisabeth R. Baer has said, “ Rochester refuses to call his wife by her given name and instead provides her with a stout English name, Bertha. .. She experiences a growing division –Antoinette/Bertha, dead/ alive (previously Baer has explained that “Antoinette, having lost her parents, her money, her identity, her autonomy, is in a sense dead already) &#8211; which Rhys deftly mirrors in the two texts. Bertha emerges in the surface text; Antoinette keeps her identity alive only in her dreams”.  I will now mention here the third of Antoinette’s dreams, for I find that here is where Wide Sargasso Sea most closely connects with Susan from To Room Nineteen and Plath’s Lady Lazarus. This dream is prompted by the sight of a red dress, red beibg the colour that symbolizes her real self (much in the way the red devil in To Room Nineteen represents Susan and in Lady Lazarus it represents the resurrected Plath). Rhys says, “I took the red dress down and put it against myself. ‘Does it make me look intemperate and unchaste? That man told me so…. I held the dress in my hand wondering if they had done the last and worst thing. If they had changed it when I wasn’t looking… I let the dress fall on the floor, and looked from the fire to the dress and from the dress to the fire….. I looked at the dress on the floor and it was as if the fire had spread across the room. It was beautiful and it reminded me of something I must do. I will remember I thought. I will remember quite soon now”. This passage is followed by Antoinette’s third and last dream, that in Baer’s words “prophetic dream in which she fantasizes/foresees the end. The dream begins in the tower in which Antoinette had implicitly been confined at the end of her last dream, the tower in which she is actually imprisoned now.”</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">It is a dream of death and rebirth for, as Baer explains “Earlier in the novel, she saw the real Antoinette drift out of a window and she became Bertha, the identity Rochester imposed upon her. Now, she sees the ghost (‘who they say haunts this place’) in a mirror; by exteriorising the image imposed upon her, she reclaims herself”. Further on Baer adds, “Her third dream is the dream of return. And it is a dream of escape. For finally, Antoinette refuses to live out her life, confined to a tower, labelled insane. She will not be Bertha.”</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">The madness that Woolf suffered, that Plath fell into, that Susan feared herself to be experiencing, is here counteracted by Rhys. The fact that in her dream Antoinette jumps back into a past that is gone, that of the Coulibri pool and Tia, her childhood friend, and that this jump is in fact a jump into death, down to the “hard stone” of Thornfield Hall’s courtyard, is quite secondary to Antoinette. Death now is not as important as recovering herself. Death is a means of recovering herself. Death wrapped in flames, in a red dress of flames, with flaming red hair. This is Susan; this is also Lady Lazarus.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Death, red, a room in a house, in a hotel, in a tower. Relinquishing space in order to be; horribly being in space. Woman also relinquishing, in a way, the Garden of Eden she was deprived of, freeing herself from the weight of the responsibility for its loss. </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">But how to be free and live at the same time? It seems Woman must leave the room.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">And leave she does, but not until 1999.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In 1999 Michael Cunningham in his novel The Hours put his three main protagonists, Virginia Woolf, Laura Brown and Clarissa Vaughan in three rooms with three different male companions. Virginia is in her country house together with her loving, caring husband Leonard in the mid twenties, when she was writing Mrs. Dalloway, 16 years before her suicide. Laura is living her married life in 1949, with a young child and awaiting another. She has a loving and caring husband.  Clarissa is preparing a party for her friend Richard, a poet dying of AIDS who lives in his own apartment. She is loving and caring with him. Despite all this love and care Virginia, Laura and Richard are intensely suffering from madness, discontent and a physically destructive illness respectively. The result is three different but closely interconnected outcomes, in which we see the three characters escaping from all this love and care: Virginia and Richard commit suicide because they feel they cannot drag their husband and friend into the pit of their inevitable deaths. And Laura… Laura is a different matter altogether. </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Stephen Daldry, director of the film adaptation of The Hours in 2002, or better said David Hare, playwright and responsible for the film script, gave Susan’s story another turn of the screw by making Laura, in a way Susan’s counterpart, leave the room and live. As Laura’s story is closely linked with the process of creation of Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway we are led to understand that Laura lives because eventually Woolf decided Clarissa Dalloway would not die. The visionary would do so instead. And the visionary is Richard, Clarissa Vaugham’s dying friend, who is no other than Laura’s son. But as the relation of Laura to Susan is quite clear, though never explicit, I believe it was Hare’s intention to give Laura a way out of the room she had been nooked in by society and by her own need to be. He partly relies upon the fact that she is pregnant, for a pregnant woman committing suicide would probably have been too difficult to digest, even for the most radical feminist. But he makes her wait until her child is born and then leave. Curiously, Laura’s desire to escape is not prompted by her husband’s infidelity, something we should thank Hare for, as indeed, Woman should not need such a reason to desire her identity restored to her. I intimately like Hare’s idea that love is not enough to keep Woman assuaged. However, the consequences of her act, which eventually are one of the factors leading her son Richard to his death, are not averted. In relation to this, it is striking to acknowledge that Sylvia Plath’s son Nicholas also ended up killing himself. This happened only last year, in 2009, a fact that strangely adds retrospective irony to Richard’s death in The Hours.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">This film also adds another factor I really appreciate in relation to the stories, real or not, it feeds upon. Natalie Wilson Clift has said in her review of this film that ”each of the three narratives still manages to highlight the literary… both in terms of the stories we live our daily lives by (whether as author, housewife, or New York socialite), and in terms of the wider narratives that sustain our collective consciousness (whether in relation to war, love and loss, sanity, illness, or death).” Particularly in relation to Laura, Wilson Clift says, “…the book (referring to Mrs. Dalloway) rests on her chest, summoning her to escape into the more bearable world of fiction. Then, in a striking dream sequence, Laura metaphorically drowns in her unhappiness as an imagined flood engulfs her hotel bed.” This is a direct allusion to Woolf’s suicide in the river and an indirect one to Antoinette dreaming her death and then enacting it in reality. Given these two antecedents, Laura dreams her death and then does not have to die any more, she is liberated from it, and empowered to live instead. Wilson Clift says “…the scenes with Laura Brown indicate the curative powers of art”. How true I feel this to be.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Helped by literature, Woman leaves the room, in the company of Philip Glass’s wonderful minimalistic musical score which so accurately underlines the presence of the extraordinary in the ordinary, the pulse of life. </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">But before leaving the room I would like to turn to another two options women had in the 1960s.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In the first place we find Sarah Woodruff from John Fowler’s The French Lieutenant’s Woman, making the most of the rooms where she meets her male counterpart, Charles. Sarah can altogether be many things, for if there is something we can say about her without being mistaken is that she is a mystery not even Fowles was able to unriddle. Her tricky nature is subtly highlighted in one of the first descriptions we get of her, when Charles finds her sleeping near the cliffs. Charles describes her hair, saying, “On the Cobb it had seemed to him a dark brown, now he saw that it had red tints, a rich warmth”. Here is the colour red again. In the last chapter of the book Fowles says “From the first she had manipulated him. She would do so till the end”, adding further on “You may think that she was right: that her battle for territory was a legitimate uprising of the invaded against the perennial invader”. Here, the issue of space, possession and identity. For what Sarah undoubtedly turns out to be is a great manipulator of settings, mainly of rooms. From the first we see her occupying a room in Mrs. Poulteney’s house which she does not desire for herself, but acknowledges will have to make do for a while, in her hour of need. Cunningly she makes Mrs. Poulteney dismiss her from the room as soon as she gets to know Charles, and turns to him for help. He gets her a hotel room in Exeter were she seduces him, after which she disappears. Finally Charles finds her again, this time occupying rooms with the Rossettis. There he must eventually acknowledge that she rejects him, a fact he analyses in the following light “’But you cannot reject the purpose for which woman was brought into creation. And for what? I say nothing against Mr…’ he gestured at the painting on the easel ‘…and his circle. But you cannot place serving them above the natural law’”. I should deeply go into the significance of the fact that Sarah has chosen to live with Dante Gabriel Rossetti (who was obsessed, after his wife’s death, with depicting red-haired, dreamlike women, much in the line of Sarah, who even mentions she has sometimes served as model for him) and his family, a group which represents the very controversial world of sensuality and eroticism, even morbidity, rejected by most of the Victorian society to which Charles belongs. But I will not do so here, except to mention that Sarah represents the early New Woman, a woman that resisted categorization, who will not be understood by men. Sarah says “You do not understand. It is not your fault. You are very kind. But I am not to be understood … even by myself. And I can’t tell you why, but I believe my happiness depends on my not understanding”. “This is absurdity”, Charles says. And Sarah adds, “I refuse, as I refused the other gentleman, because you cannot understand that to me it is not an absurdity”. Thwarting that which till then was the “natural law”, maybe not yet fully understanding her wish not to be ever entrapped, nooked in, Sarah has jumped from room to room until she has found a place she can occupy without being objected to in her intimate nature and identity. An she is not to be understood by men, such as men did not understand Susan or Antoinette, hence their need to transform them into something they could understand. Rochester transforms Antoinette into Bertha. Susan’s husband transforms her -with Susan’s help- into an adultress.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">I cannot but remark, however, that Sarah remains in many aspects unexplained, no matter how many different endings are offered her by Fowles. And that most of Saras’ lure and power lies precisely in her inexplicability. I wonder if the reason for this is that, after all, the author of The French Lieutenant’s Woman is a man, though this could be a too simplistic reasoning.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">In Marlen Haushofer’s apocalyptic fable, The wall, we find an extraordinary account of a woman unexplainably trapped not in a room but in a whole valley by an invisible wall outside of which everything has perished. She is there alone. But not quite. Animals are there with her and allow her to develop into a powerful, nurturing force. Woman grows to unexpected dimensions. A positive force, a life force, experiencing death too, as some of her animals die, as she has to kill animals in order to eat and survive. But nevertheless powerfully positive. At the end of the novel a man appears, unknown, out of nowhere, justified as another being having been caught in the trap of the wall. He kills her bull, he kills her dog. He kills. She has no doubt and kills him in her turn. Without any questions, without any intercourse or words between them. She never gives him any chance at all. She understands him through and through from the first and does not let him entrap her. What would be another trap inside the trap of the invisible wall.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Of course, she never leaves the valley, the room, the garden. There is nowhere else to go. But she does not seem to be too troubled by her destiny, living alone there, having killed man, awaiting her death. A death that comes near when she runs out of paper and ink to write her story with. But as we never see her die, she might be living there forever. She could be living there still.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Helped by literature, Woman needs not leave the room, as she has overpowered Man.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"> Having left the 1960s behind, I will now make a short and final epilogue by turning to the 1980s. Grace Nichols in Wherever I hang, forsakes the Caribbean –“I leave me people, me land, me home”-for a room in England –“And come to this place called England / At first I feeling like a dream- / De misty greyness / I touching de walls to see if they real / They solid to de seam”. Echoes of Antoinette’s dreamlike arrival to England, of Christophine saying “England, you think there is such a place?”, of Haushofer’s invisible but effective wall, are all in this poem. But the reality of immigration is here overpowering. As Juan Francisco Elices Agudo has said, it is “a profoundly traumatic experience”. And the Woman we find suffering this experience is deeply transformed by it, must resignedly acknowledge she has been uprooted and lost herself –“To tell you the truth / I don’t know really where I belaang / Divided to the bone”. However, she does have a solution, a last option, a last resort. Becoming something completely new so far. “Wherever I hang me knickers – that’s my home”.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Forsaking the room for ever, Woman becomes the inhabitant of the whole world. And this reminds us of Woolf’s denial: “As a woman, I have no country. As a woman I want no country”. Nothing but the whole world will suffice.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Bibligraphy: </p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Anonymous, The Wife’s Lament, Book of Exeter, manuscript copied about the year 975. Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume I, 2000</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Augspach, Elisabeth A., The Garden as Woman’s Pace in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Literature</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Bloom, Harold, Shakespeare. La Invención de lo Humano</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Chen, Chia-hsing, A Room of One’s Own? On the Feminist Spatial Concept and Strategy, 2001, Hsiuping Journal of Humanities and Social sciences, Vol.2</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Cunningham, Michael, Las Horas, Quinteto, 2003</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Davis, Lennard J., Resisting Novels. Ideology and Fiction. Methuen, 1987.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Elices Agudo, Juan Francisco, Nuevas Literaturas en lengua Inglesa, Guía Didáctica, UNED, 2004</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Fowles, John, The French Lieutenant’s Woman, Triad/Panther Books, 1985</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Guiguet, Jean. Virginia Woolf and her Works. New York, 1965</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Haushofer, Marlene, El Muro,</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Higonnet, Margaret R, Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Exploration of Literary Space. The University of Massachusetts Press, 1994</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Lessing, Doris, To Room Nineteen, 1963, Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume II, 2000</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Nichols, Grace, Wherever I Hang, The Heinemann Book of Caribbean poetry, 1992</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Plasa, Carl, Jean Rhys. Wide Sargasso Sea A Reader’s Guide to Essential Criticism, 2001 Palgrave Macmillan</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Plath, Sylvia, Lady Lazarus, Norton Anthology of American Literature, 1999</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Quawas, Rula. Lessing’s ‘To Room Nineteen’: Susan’s Voyage into the Inner Space of ‘Elsewhere’. 2007 Atlantis, University of Jordan, Amman</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Rhys, Jean, Wide Sargasso Sea, Penguin Classics, 1997</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Soto, Isabel, Literature Inglesa II, Guía Didáctica, UNED, 2003</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, The Production of Colonial discourse: A Marxixt-Feminist Reading. 1983</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vreeland, Elisabeth, Jean Rhys: The Art of Fiction LXIV (interview with Jean Rhys). 1979, Paris Review, 76</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Wilson Clift, Natalie, The Hours, Film Review, 2004</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Woolf, Virginia, A Room of One’s Own, Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume II, 2000</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">The Hours, directed by Stephen Daldry, screenplay by David Hare, 2000</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Pride and prejudice, directed by Joe Wright, screenplay by Deborah Moggach, 2005</p>
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		<title>Avatar: Cautos e incautos en el planeta Pandora</title>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Jan 2010 12:57:38 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[El que Pandora era un regalo envenenado era algo que ya sabían los antiguos griegos. Tras más de 2500 años de historia, parece que muchos lo hayan olvidado, a pesar de que la misma película advierte, entre otras cosas, de las dramáticas consecuencias de que un pueblo pierda su memoria colectiva, aquí simbolizada por el [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=313&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">El que Pandora era un regalo envenenado era algo que ya sabían los antiguos griegos. Tras más de 2500 años de historia, parece que muchos lo hayan olvidado, a pesar de que la misma película advierte, entre otras cosas, de las dramáticas consecuencias de que un pueblo pierda su memoria colectiva, aquí simbolizada por el árbol de las almas. Pese a todo, acudimos en masa a ver Avatar, la Película -con mayúsculas por el grado de innovación técnica que porta consigo, por la cantidad de belleza, por la cantidad de veneno-, así como la primera humanidad -masculina, por supuesto- acudió en masa a recibir a Pandora, la primera mujer, regalo de los dioses y portadora de una caja maldita que contenía todos los males posibles para el hombre, todo lo que podía acarrearle la destrucción, y donde quedó guardado su único consuelo: la esperanza.<br />
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Los antiguos griegos llamaban &#8220;mitos&#8221; tanto a los relatos de contenido cosmogónico -sobre el origen de los dioses y la humanidad- como a los cuentos populares destinados al entretenimiento y las leyendas tradicionales sobre hechos pasados. Es decir, realidad, fantasía y suposición se mezclaban indistintamente en el cuerpo del mito. Poco a poco el mito dio en desembocar en el logos, el pensamiento racional que buscaba explicaciones racionales a las cosas. El mito cayó en desgracia a ojos de filósofos como Platón, ocupado ya en intentar discernir entre realidad y apariencia.<br />
El cómo, tras semejante época de lucidez, hemos caído en un oscurantismo del que aún no hemos salido, es algo verdaderamente misterioso e intrigante. O quizás, a causa de que la historia es cíclica, en verdad sí que hayamos salido de vez en cuando de la oscuridad, aunque sólo para caer de nuevo en ella.<br />
Vivimos en la era de la tecnología. La misma palabra &#8220;tecnología&#8221; connota ciencia, empirismo, racionalidad&#8230; Debiera estar en las antípodas del engaño o lo ilusorio. Pero puesto que los anhelos del hombre parece que nunca van a dejar de ser los mismos, entiéndase el deseo de huir de la realidad, la tecnología más popular hoy en día es aquella que mejor y más se nutre de ilusión y, por lo tanto, de engaño. La película Avatar hace un extenso uso de esta tecnología y la utiliza al servicio de un concepto de, asimismo, gran popularidad hoy, el &#8220;avatar&#8221;. Muchos de los que pululamos por la red tenemos un avatar. Yo no sabía lo que era hasta que me hice este blog y se me sugirió que utilizara uno a modo de tarjeta de presentación. Por defecto, cuando quieres comentar algo en la página de otro, el sistema te adjudica uno si careces de él, lo cual hace suponer que sea un elemento importante de comunicación en la red. A mí se me ocurrió ponerme el ojo de un gato, porque me encantan los gatos, a los que llamo, además, Nikis, y quería que este blog representara en cierto modo el pasearse de un felino -hábil, elegante, sigiloso- por los muros que delimitan diferentes campos del conocimiento, literatura, cine, arte, sobre los que deseaba opinar. Ahora el ojo de gato me representa y yo hago uso de él para esconder detrás mi verdadero ser, mi verdadera imagen. Tal engaño no tiene hoy en día ninguna trascendencia, parece ser. Sin embargo, no deja de ser un engaño y una trampa hasta para mí misma. Quién sabe si alguna vez me creeré que soy de veras un gato. Por supuesto los otros, que no me ven, ya se creen que lo soy. Al ver mi avatar me juzgarán de acuerdo con lo que connote en ellos la idea de gato, y por ello a alguno le caeré muy bien y a otro muy mal, independientemenete de lo que escriba en este blog. Y este es sólo uno, y posiblemente el más venial, de los peligros que conlleva el jugar con la realidad.<br />
Repito, acudimos en masa a ver Avatar. He oído por ahí que ya se ha convertido en la película más vista de la historia del cine, y el empuje no flaquéa, pues fui hace dos días a verla -por segunda vez, todo hay que decirlo, y no sólo por que me lo pidiera mi hijo de 12 años- y el cine estaba lo que se dice &#8220;petado&#8221; hasta las primeras filas, ahí donde te arriesgas a que un Nabi tridimensional te caiga en la cabeza.<br />
No deja de maravillarme cómo el cine se ha convertido en el medio de mayor manipulación ideológica de todos los tiempos.<br />
Y ¿qué ideología porta consigo esta película? Esta pregunta da para mucho. Podríamos hablar de ecología vs.tecnología, y ya se sabe que en estas parejas de conceptos el positivo es el primero; de algunos mitos temáticos muy propios de la literatura Norteamericana de los siglos XIX y XX, entre ellos el mito de la Frontera y el del Adan Americano, aquí renovados pese a que se demostró hace un siglo ya lo obsoletos que estaban; podemos recordar la leyenda del Rey Pescador, un estado enfermo -corrupto, degenerado, sin valores- ocasiona la enfermedad de la tierra -¿no decía el prota que en el planeta Tierra ya no quedaba verde?- y a no ser que se corrija y se cure llevará esa misma enfermedad y destrucción a cualquier sitio que vaya; podríamos hablar de catársis, elemento propio de casi toda la épica: la lucha y eventual victoria de un pueblo en inferioridad de condiciones, liderado por una figura carismática y unificadora, contra el mal, hace que el espectador exorcize sus propios deseos de emprender esa lucha -y qué necesaria sería- y salga del cine satisfecho, como si de veras hubiera luchado, a consecuencia de lo cual ya no luchará, algo que a muchas altas instancias sin duda interesa; podríamos hablar del indudable atractivo de un regreso al Eden primigenio, primitivo y sin contaminar, exuberante de valores como la jungla lo está de vegetación, valores que hemos perdido y que deseamos recuperar; podríamos hablar de una parábola de la política intervencionista, colonialista y explotadora de recursos que los EE.UU llevan a cabo en tantos lugares del mundo hoy en día; podríamos hablar, finalmente, del deseo de huir de la realidad que ya mencioné más arriba.<br />
Sólo de esto último voy a hablar, pues es lo que más me preocupa. Dice el prota en un momento dado de la película que de tanto tiempo que pasaba dentro del cuerpo de su avatar en el mundo fantástico de Pandora, la fantasía le parecía ahora más real y la realidad le parecía un sueño, o sea, una pesadilla. Realidad y fantasía se han invertido gracias a la tecnología y la ciencia. Pero será en el mundo primigenio de Pandora donde la conversión absoluta se haga efectiva. El prota tiene una doble personalidad. La del mundo real es interesada y, hasta cierto punto, corrupta. El se vende por unas nuevas piernas. El mundo de fantasía -aquí es también una realidad, para más inri, aunque sea una realidad que a él no le corresponde, a la que no pertenece-, saca a la luz lo mejor de él, renueva su sentido de la justicia, del bien y del mal, y su espíritu de lucha, acoquinado en la realidad debido a su merma física. El no puede de ninguna manera ser objetivo, pues ¿quién no cambiaría una parálisis de cintura para abajo por la excelencia de un cuerpo Nabi? Sin embargo la película nos llama a identificarnos con él, nosotros que no estamos castrados sino mentalmente. La científica Grace -curioso que su nombre signifique &#8220;gracia&#8221;, ella posee la gracia de la sabiduría y la objetividad- interpretada por Sigurney Weaver sí puede ser objetiva pero a ella no se la deja elegir. Como está muriéndose el prota la lleva a ser resucitada en el cuerpo de su avatar. Pero resulta un fracaso. La hechicera dice que es debido a que su cuerpo estaba demasiado enfermo. Yo creo más bien que a ella no le hubiera gustado reencarnarse, ella sabe bien quién es y lo que quiere, ella no tiene ningún problema de personalidad ni de identidad. Convenientemente, muere. Claro que el espectador no está llamado a identificarse con ella sino con el prota.<br />
Y su mensaje parece ser: realízate a través de otro, y si ese otro es fantástico, mejor. Evádete, aliénate de la realidad. Una realidad ante la cual no tienes nada que hacer. Sé otro de forma efectiva y sin vuelta atrás.<br />
Vamos, me parece a mí que ese es sin duda el peor mensaje que podría dársele a la juventud, a la que esta película claramente se dirige. Como si no estuviera ya paseándose por el filo de la navaja de la realidad, a punto de caer en el otro lado. Como si muchos de ellos, jugando a estar en el otro lado, no hubieran causado estragos en la realidad. Como si, voluntariamente accediendo a ser otro e irreal y fantástico, no se convirtieran en individuos más dóciles y manipulables y, al mismo tiempo, patética y peligrosamente ignorantes de su condición. No poco veneno es este, y viene convenientemente dentro de un hermoso Caballo de Troya, por mencionar otro mito clásico. Desde luego parecería que un espléndido Aquiles-Cameron nos la ha metido doblada.<br />
Pero no perdamos del todo la cabeza. Para los que leemos entre líneas Avatar puede ser interpretada subversivamente. Pandora guarda esa esperanza, ese preciado tesoro. </span></p>
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		<title>Zora Neale Hurston: The Gilded Six-Bits</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/zora-neale-hurston-the-gilded-six-bits/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 07:12:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Literatura]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Z.N.Hurston]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[This story starts with a very straightforward statement on the blackness of the community where it is set. As seen from the outside, which is from the 1930s, dominating white point of view, we are faced with an all-negro ghetto of implicit inferiority in the economical, cultural, social, and human sense. However, the word “but” [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=304&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">This story starts with a very straightforward statement on the blackness of the community where it is set. As seen from the outside, which is from the 1930s, dominating white point of view, we are faced with an all-negro ghetto of implicit inferiority in the economical, cultural, social, and human sense. However, the word “but” comes quickly to the rescue. Despite the white opinion, happiness and well-being are possible, and reach even to white standards: a whitewashed fence and house, scrubbed-white porch and steps. Eatonville, the name of the town, was a real place well known by Hurston, as it was her hometown until she was nine. In a time of oppression and segregation, Eatonville was a “race colony”, one of the voluntarily segregated communities meant to empower its black citizens and prove the surrounding white world that blacks were capable of self-government, independence, integrity and indigenous forms of expression.<br />
Thus, from the very beginning, we are shown the negative –from the white point of view- side of a community, entirely based on the repetition of the adjective “black”, deemed enough for this purpose, just to be immediately flouted: “But there was something happy about the place”. What it can be is undefined, but it suggests a wealth of love put there to cover up the shabbiness. <span id="more-304"></span>It does not discard poverty, and could be considered as superficial and too domestic to be real. In fact, it has a fairy-tale quality, later to be enforced by the seemingly mindless playfulness of both Joe and Missie May and their Saturday ritual celebrating the week’s pay and the promise of some free time to be together. This naiveté, this childlike innocence, makes us think of a very particular and private paradise, and in doing so reminds us of the inevitable fall from grace that must ensue, whatever the nature of the paradise, as we well know. The story tells about this fall from grace and the process of recovery of a paradise which can, however, not completely be the same again, as it has undergone the effects of wisdom, which inevitably marrs innocence.<br />
Except for the initial reference to the black community, and another comment made further on by a white shop assistant in Orlando, the nearby town where Joe buys sweets for his wife, calling him “darky” and saying “Wisht I could be like these darkies. Laughin’ all the time. Nothin’ worries ‘em”, there are no other white intrusions into the story. And this second one, though it points to an intellectual inferiority on the part of the blacks, indirectly strengthens the breach between appearance and reality, deepens on the character of Joe and his silent problematic, of which we get an additional outside view, and draws attention on the fact that misunderstanding between races is in a way due to ignorance of each other and a lack of communication. Who is responsible for this racial problem, we are not told and is, besides, not a concern of the story, which concentrates on the inner conflict of the couple, a couple which could belong to any race. Indeed, Hurston was much criticized for not directly referring to racial issues in her work, and probably that was one of the reasons why she was forgotten as a writer, only to be later remembered and attention on her revived on the basis of the gender issues she more closely dealt with.<br />
Above all, Hurston’s main interest was, as Ana María Fraile states, “to achieve a black narrative voice”. Her aim was to make black dialect “function as a literary language, as in fact it did in folklore (…) despite the absolute lack of prestige” it suffered from. After all, Hurston was also an anthropologist. She is keen on representing and celebrating the cultural richness of the all-black community.<br />
This is one of the main differences between Faulkner’s and Hurston’s use of the vernacular. Fraile adds, “dialect was established as a literary language only in the Afro-American oral tradition, whereas standard English dominated in the printed text. This status quo is called in question when nationalistic feelings demand that both literary languages be treated equally and that black experience be represented without the mediation of the whites’ language that distorts reality. Such a nationalistic atmosphere emerges in the 1920’s during the Harlem Renaissance. (…) Hurston is one of the writers who worked in such an experimental direction since the beginning of her career in 1921. (…) Hurston tried to make the oral quality of folklore compatible with the written quality of the text (…) demonstrating that it was viable for the Afro-American writer to acknowledge the forkloric oral tradition as the foundation of a genuine AfroAmerican written tradition.” On the other hand, Faulkner used different types of vernacular, black vernacular and white Southern vernacular. His black vernacular was “heavily stylized”, according to Ph.M.Weinstein, not really tending to be realistically representative of blacks’ speech. He also used the vernacular in order to highlight class difference, a central issue to his work but not to that of Hurston.<br />
In spite of being closer in character to Langston Hughes, with whom she collaborated in some occasions, and though both had a keen interest in the vernacular –in Hughes’ case mostly in its rhythmic and musical effects- the tone we can appreciate in the writings of these authors is also quite different. Hughes was completely involved in racial issues and has an oratorical tone, much in the line of Walt Whitman, whom he pretended to emulate rising as the voice of a collectivity, the Black Americans, as addressing the opposing, dominant collectivity, the White Americans, against which it was trying to assert itself. None of this is present in Hurston’s writings, which have, on the other hand, a very different tone, intimate and deeply emotional, and deal more with individualities.<br />
As respects the narrative strategies, the description of the young couple’s home is another element contributing to the theme of appearances versus reality, which we can consider the main theme of the story. The title itself points to this, as the six-bits that cause Missie May’s fall are not golden, as she believes, but gilded. Thus, fraudulent. The reader knows this from the beginning, and following this clue we soon enough imagine that the domesticity and cleanliness of the couple’s life hides a dissatisfaction with their lot that will eventually foul their lives. Their happiness is, after all, quite immaterial, which makes it also frail when compared with the power of gold.<br />
Furthermore, Missie May and Joe are portrayed inside their house, inside their little joyful world, eventually inside this protective “race colony”. They are shown to be repeating their accustomed Saturday ritual in the intimacy of their home. This shielded place is about to be assaulted from the exterior by the arrival to town of Slemmons, an outsider, a potential though alluring menace due to his different value system, based on deceit and on pretence of wealth. Joe’s silver coins are outshined by Slemmons’ golden –gilded- ones. Joe’s generous giving of the coins is paralleled by Missie May’s attempt to get coins for Joe. Both Joe and Missie May work to get their coins, each in their own way. Missie’s apparent innocence is laid bare, and so is Joe’s, as he was the first to be impressed by Slemmons and drew his wife to him in order to show her off in front of the flashy newcomer. And the reader wonders if all was not a game, a deceit, from the very beginning, suggested by the skilful use of oxymoron: “joyful mischief”, “friendly battle”, “play-fight”, used to describe Joe’s and Missie May’s encounter, as Norman German points out. One wonders if true happiness ever really existed between the couple, as it so easily breaks down.<br />
However, routine does not disappear after Missie May’s affair with Slemmons, but continues, though bereaved of all the charm and playfulness.<br />
Eventually, time passes and Missie May gives birth to a son. Joe decides to assume responsibility over the child, though some doubts arise as to his parentage. Norman German mentions “Even the etymology of the phrase ‘spitting image’, originally ‘spirit and image’, emphasizes Hurston’s theme that, like coins, people and words are not always what they seem”. But the child is indeed Joe’s. The child is, so far, the only thing that is not counterfeited, and that is the reason why, with his birth, also the ritual of Joe’s and Missie May’s affection can be taken up again, and their routine, though unbroken, can assume its paradise-like magic again.<br />
Nevertheless, as I mentioned above, this paradise-magic is not the same as the one before, as the characters have suffered from the fall from innocence, or, better said, the laying bare of their pretended innocence. Forgiveness on the part of Joe is not complete, as, again pointed out by Norman German, “at the story’s end he throws fifteen silver dollars to Missie May, not because he has earned an unlikely raise of six dollars at the fertilizer plant but to competitively best and replace his rival’s fake fifteen dollars with fifteen real ones”. He has not forgotten. How can he? Neither is Missie May completely redeemed of her fault for, in spite of having just given birth, she makes the effort of going to get Joe’s coins as before. Knowing, as we all know, that it was precisely coins, money, no matter if fake or not, what caused her fall in the first place.<br />
Finally, the pervading silence between them –did they ever speak truly to each other before, or always bantering? &#8211; does not help in the closing of this strange fable. Too many things are left unsaid. </span></p>
<p>Bibliography:<br />
•Ana María Fraile, “Zora Neale Hurston’s experimentation with the narrative voice in her short stories”. Universidad de Salamanca.<br />
•Norman German, “Counterfeiting and a Two-Bit Error in Zora Neale Hurston’s ‘The Gilded Six-Bits’”. Southeastern Louisiana University.</p>
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		<title>William Golding</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/william-golding/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Jan 2010 07:57:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Literatura]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[William Golding]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[When Ralph’s life is saved thanks to the timely arrival of the British officer, he weeps –the narrator says- “for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy”. In this final fragment of the novel Golding words the main issues he [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=301&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">When Ralph’s life is saved thanks to the timely arrival of the British officer, he weeps –the narrator says- “for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy”.</p>
<p>In this final fragment of the novel Golding words the main issues he was interested in when writing this his first novel and which were to become recurrent themes along his production, namely in later novels such as The Inheritors, Pincher Martin, and Free Fall. Though not taking a specific Catholic viewpoint, Golding hovers round the great absolutes of good and evil, and the nature of man. Paraphrasing the title of one of his novels, the experience on the island of the wrecked group of children is a kind of “rite of passage” from childhood into adulthood, from light into darkness, from an apparent initial innocence to the discovery of inner fear, brutality, and evil: the cycle of man’s attempt to rise to power or righteousness, followed by his eventual fall from grace.<br />
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<p>The place where this process is played out is an island surrounded by unsurpassable reefs, only vaguely located in both space and time, some post-nuclear future that is still at war. The children who have survived the plane crash are all miraculously unhurt and are not very affected by their situation; quite on the contrary, they seem playful and content of being free from adults. And, as children, we assume them as innocent. Initially this microcosm represents Paradise. In the Biblical Paradise Adam and Eve lived according to God’s rules, until the Fall. (After loss of innocence, knowledge ensues, though dearly paid for.) However, in this paradise there is no god, so the children set about organising themselves into a society with a democratically elected chief, a symbol of power, the conch, the distribution of tasks and some basic rules.<br />
Yet, in spite of this, their society fails and paradise becomes hell. A fatal schism divides Jack and Ralph and the children. Struggle over power draws them apart, as well as the experience of killing –necessary for survival- that Jack acquires from being a hunter. Jack and his pack are curiously fouled by this contact with real life, while Ralph and his group remain aloof and clean. Power over life and death triggers of evil. This evil has nothing to do with either supernatural or religious matters, for Golding rejected these as origin of human evil. The source is life itself, added to the fact that man is alone on Earth such as the children are alone on the island.<br />
One is only too tempted to think all this happens because they have no god, and thus their social rules are not strong enough or lack chastisement, but eventually they do have a god. On discovering the presence of the disturbing and numinous Beast, and being unable to track it down, they offer it the head of the wild sow they have hunted, which becomes the icon of this Beast-God. It is an ugly god, yes, a rotting head covered by flies, and its name, Lord of the Flies, is Ba’alzbub, one of Satan’s pseudonyms. Moreover, it has a prophet, Simon, who is also to become its martyr in a rephrasing of Jesus’ lot. But it is a honest god: it tells Simon evil lies in himself, in man himself, in life itself. It also warns him that if he says so he will pay for it: he will not be listened to or believed. Man is not ready –will he ever be?- to admit such a truth about himself.<br />
Golding was deeply pessimistic about man. In a private letter to a friend he said “One of our faults is to believe that evil is somewhere else”. Therefore, his aim is to dismantle all subterfuges man has to discharge himself from guilt. He writes a Christian allegory but does not let Simon bring any salvation to humankind. What is more, his death brings only more bloodshed and violence. He presents two options for society, with a spiritual (Simon) and a rational (Piggy) basis, and condemns both to destruction by the brutal forces of evil. The order Ralph imposes is only temporary, being soon overcome by the more enduring, though destructive impulse of man’s irrationality, represented by Jack. A violence that, eventually, would lead to the destruction of the whole island, which is set on fire at the end of the novel just to facilitate the capturing of Ralph. If the officer was not to turn up, Ralph would have been killed but the others would not have been able to survive on the destroyed island.<br />
At the very end, an officer suddenly appears to rescue the children. His presence makes Ralph cry. The children become children again, and as James Gidding says, “suddenly (…) adult sanity really exists. The horror of the boys’ experience on the island was really a childish game, though a particularly vicious one. (…) The rescue is ultimately a “gimmick”, a trick, a means of cutting down or softening the implications built up within the structure of the boys’ society on the island”. What follows this moment is only suggested and embedded between lines. As Golding said, “The officer having interrupted a manhunt, prepares to take the children off the island in a cruise which will presently be hunting its enemy in the same implacable way. And who will rescue the adult and his cruiser?” David Richter points out, “The rescuers who stop the island war are themselves men of war, as Golding says, “dignified and capable, but in reality enmeshed in the same evil” we have seen in all the children: the viciousness and savagery of human nature”. Moreover, he adds, “By the introduction of actual adults, Golding’s symbolic narrative is broadened to include the grownup world about”, extending “beyond its own immediate significance the morality play which has been enacted on the island. “The darkness of man’s heart” is not evinced merely by the slackening of the bonds of civilization; it is not to be found only on coral islands: it is, in fact, always with us, the ultimate source of all human pain and misery”.<br />
Thus, we wonder. What is this “innocence”, this “wisdom” the loss of which Ralph mourns? Innocence never was and wisdom brings no redemption. And “the darkness of man’s heart”? It is a must. Baker says, “Golding implies that the long course of evolution has brought no fundamental change in human nature. We are today essentially what we were in the past”. And what were we? One only has to read The Inheritors, written after Lord on the Flies, to know what Golding thought about this. The Neanderthals, a comparatively innocent, primitive people, end at the hands of superior Homo Sapiens, in fact a dubious and evil people. Evil –darkness- goes back to man’s roots.<br />
In the end, Golding does not leave man any way out of his particular horror.</p>
<p>Bibliography<br />
Daryl L. Houston, Golding’s Themes, 1995<br />
James R. Baker, William Golding, A Critical Study. New York: Martin’s Press, 1995<br />
James Ginding, “Gimmick and Metaphor in the novels of William Golding, Modern Fiction Studies 6, nº2, 1960<br />
Mirjana Danicic, Biblical Symbolism of the plot and characters in William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies.</span></p>
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		<title>Philip Larkin</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Jan 2010 07:51:30 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Literatura]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philip Larkin]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The three poems I have chosen to analyse here represent three gigantic steps in Philip Larkin’s writing life, as there is a great distance in years separating them: “Church Going” is from 1954 and was published in The Less Deceived, 1955. “Sad Steps” is from 1968 and belongs to High Windows, 1974. “Aubade” is from [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=296&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The three poems I have chosen to analyse here represent three gigantic steps in Philip Larkin’s writing life, as there is a great distance in years separating them:</p>
<p>“Church Going” is from 1954 and was published in <em>The Less Deceived</em>, 1955.</p>
<p>“Sad Steps” is from 1968 and belongs to <em>High Windows</em>, 1974.</p>
<p>“Aubade” is from 1877 and was printed separately in Larkin’s lifetime, though published posthumously as part of Anthony Thwaite’s edition <em>Collected Poems</em>, 1988.</p>
<p>However, Larkin’s most characteristic theme, death, is present in all of them.</p>
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<p>In “Church Going”, a passing countryside cyclist stops at a seemingly small church on a weekday when there is no service. Once inside, the pervading stillness makes him think of the diminished meaning, even the frivolity and vacuity of the reasons that bring people to a place of cult, whose decay is fatal. He does not share them, but nevertheless he finds “It pleases me to stand in silence here”, it takes a hold on him, the seriousness of the impulse that has brought so many others there. The place possesses still some significance that must be respected: it is the place where “all our compulsions meet, are recognized, and robed as destinies. And that much can never be obsolete.” Men in quest of wisdom –the wisdom to unravel destiny- have long been attracted to this “serious house” on this “serious earth” and now lie buried round. Larkin finally tells us though that if any wisdom they attained, it was in death.</p>
<p> As to what Larkin felt for religion as expressed in this poem, it is a delicate and ambiguous matter. Critics have both stated that Larkin was a religious man who believed in God and an agnostic. But it cannot be denied that, being interested in such a transcendental issue as death, and in spite of aiming to maintain a clear, free, cynical voice, he often touches on religion and was fully aware of how deeply it affected man. I think Larkin deconstructs the essence of belief in this poem, as symbolized by an empty church surrounded by dead, who “lie round”, playing on the polysemy of the word “lie”, which can both mean lie down and tell an un-truth. In this case, he considers himself not deceived by religion. But at the same time, he admits there is an unavoidable need to believe in order to provide some stability in life and avert despair. This justifies faith, however superficial, and deserves respect. Nevertheless, eventually we are left in the dark as to if Larkin is able to benefit from what religion can give man. A clue could be the first two lines of the poem: “Once I am sure there’s nothing going on/ I step inside, letting the door thud shut”. He states he is sure “nothing is going on”, affirming his incredulity, but the door closes on him, trapping him in his historical and social context: after all, he belongs to a society that does believe.   </p>
<p>“Sad Steps” are the steps that take Larkin, returning from the lavatory at four in the morning, instead of back to bed, to look out of a window and find the moon staring at him from the night sky. As this poem alludes to Sir Philip Sidney –odd, the coincidence in the name, isn’t it? &#8211; and his 31 sonnet from <em>Astrophil and Stella,</em> in which Sidney’s persona speaks through Astrophil, we are reminded of how Philip Sidney-Astrophil questioned the moon, in the height of his youth, on the meaning of his mistress’ ingratitude. Philip Larkin-Astrophil does not question the moon, just momentarily sees it as endowed with all the 16<sup>th</sup> century rhetoric, to shiver then and see it with the bleakness of 20<sup>th</sup> century eyes. The moon is ever silent; it needs not speak of its eternity and man’s brief, however fulgurant or self-deceived, lot. In spite of this, that “being young (…) can’t come again”, Larkin acknowledges that “but (it) is for others undiminished somewhere”. Age preys on Larkin, that is why his steps are sad, but he senses Sidney will be forever young. Why? Is this some metaliterary implication?</p>
<p>“Aubade” tells about –or drearily sings to- the oncoming routine of man at the time of dawn of a much-repeated day, haunted by the fact that only death awaits him at the end. What is most striking about this ruthless poem is the fact Larkin chose to call it “Audabe”. An aubade is a morning song of quite old origin, with a twofold character. On the one hand, it is a joyful greeting of dawn; on the other, a sad lovers’ parting or a warning for them to part. Larkin has completely subverted these topics and blended them together, and the outcome is the dramatic song the poet sings to the coming dawn, a moment of doom, of extinction, that will forever part man from his dearest lover, life.</p>
<p>Rhyme and metre, both much cherished by Larkin though always masterfully unobtrusive, build up the skeleton of this poem. The pattern consists of five ten-line stanzas composed of a Venus and Adonis stanza (ababcc) followed by an envelope stanza (deed) which somewhat evokes the structure of an Ode. Larkin uses iambic pentameter in all verses except the ninth, which is a shorter, iambic trimeter.</p>
<p>In one as talented as Larkin, the fact that sometimes the verses just roughly fit the meter seems at the least strange. In my opinion, and having singled out the words that break the meter, Larkin is conveying some hidden message, much in the way J.S.Bach used to do when he broke the laws of harmony in his corals. By way of incorrect movements of the different voices in the corals, Bach used to stress words that were especially significant, such as God.</p>
<p>The words singled out for belonging to the shortened verses are: die – courage – sun- done. They seem to imply that death is impending and we must have courage, for as soon as the sun comes out we will be done, or finished.</p>
<p>If we add to these words those from the verses that have been lengthened, we get: die – never – here – more true – with – with – vision – indecision – courage – to ring – uncaring – sun – done. Death is denied here -on Earth so to say- if we have vision. If we have indecision, to ring –to make any calling for help- will only be answered with uncaring; by the time the sun comes out, we are done. Can vision, as a form of deep understanding, avert death?    </p>
<p>“Church Going”, the closing hour of Christianity announced with the words “Here endeth” the poet pronounces in the empty church; “Sad Steps”, a middle-of-the-night reverie, wanting to save an alter ego, Philip Sidney; “Aubade”, a sunrise song, though awestruck, which calls extinction as “not to be anywhere”, ultimately condemning Sidney too. But later adding “It stands plain as a wardrobe, what we know, have always known, know that we can’t escape. Yet can’t accept. One side will have to go.”  </p>
<p>A final question is left unanswered: What side goes? What side does not? Are these the body and the soul? Is a soul possessed of “vision” allowed to remain?</p>
<p>Yet, let me return to the verses of <em>The North Ship</em>, 1944, which Larkin rejected for being immature and too idealistic.</p>
<p><em>East and West the ships came back</em></p>
<p><em>Happily or unhappily:</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>But the third went wide and far</em></p>
<p><em>Into an unforgiving sea</em></p>
<p><em>Under a fire-spilling star,</em></p>
<p><em>And it was rigged for a long journey.</em></p>
<p>Larkin’s is this third ship, The North Ship, bound to go over “the edge of vision” that in <em>Aubade</em> detains man, but not him, who will capture “vision” and go beyond; bound to look at stars and be burned by its fires, bound to ride a sea that will not forgive him his boldness. And he will not return, because this ultimate quest for truth and wisdom has no end. We could even say it suffers not from death. Hence the fear, the horror, even the indecision; but nevertheless, the urge to go on.</p>
<p>Life offers the possibility of being sailed in any of these three ships, but only the North Ship rewards with completeness. Larkin chose this most dangerous ship discarded by many, unseen by many. But not apparently. The route of this North Ship lies in Larkin’s optimistic undertones, which are however, not easy to see. As Sisir Kumar Chatterjee mentions in her study Philip Larkin: <em>Poetry that Builds Bridges</em>, understanding Larkin implies “not separating its pessimistic overtones from its optimistic undertones, but by relating them in a perspective that holistically subsumes both within a perceived pattern of completeness and integrity of vision, in which the negative and the positive are not mutually contrary but complementary to each other.”</p>
<p>Before actually looking at Larkin’s <em>This Be The Verse</em>, a fourth and such a famous poem of his it can be said to have entered folklore, we should take a close look at Stevenson’s Requiem. For a late romantic and adventurer such as Stevenson, death was only too well integrated in life, was, in fact, its fulfilment. Or such seems to be his will from this poem, which was indeed engraved onto his Samoan tombstone. “Will” is the key. “I laid me down with a will” he says, after making use of two very interesting imperatives: “<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Dig</span> the grave and <span style="text-decoration:underline;">let me</span> die”, which shows he is making preparations while still alive and is even wanting to die, perhaps against the will of another. All of this is done in the darkness of nighttime, though stars lit up the sky filling it with beauty and erasing all threats. The final lines, “Home is the sailor, home from sea, / And the hunter home from the hill.” suggests death is the well-deserved rest of a life of completeness in one’s tasks, in one’s being. Things ending the way they should and ending because they should. In death, a continuation of life’s splendour.</p>
<p>A similar feeling of things being the way they should, though here in life,  we get when reading the starting lines of Lorca’s <em>Romance Sonámbulo</em>, “Verde que te quiero verde. Verde viento. Verdes ramas. El barco sobre la mar y el caballo en la montaña”, 1924. Curious, this allusion to the sailor and the hunter, symbolized by their steeds, ship and horse. Curious, because the context is altogether different and wide apart from both Stevenson and Larkin. Or not? This would require further looking into.</p>
<p>On the other hand, in 1957 appeared a novel by William Humphrey called <em>Home from the Hill</em>, which was to become in 1960 a major film by Vincent Minnelli with the same title. This story portrayed the consequences to him and those surrounding him of a womanizer of traditional male values. Robert Mitchum, who plays the part of Captain Wade Hunnicutt, is portrayed as a very able hunter, both of wild boars and of women. In fact, for himself he has captured the very best of women, Hannah, though she turns out to be his match. On coming back from his hunting territory, the “hill”, he finds she is decided to turn his life into hell, which makes him insist on returning to the hill or, if he cannot do so, sending his son in his stead. The consequences of his father’s dissolute life –which is caused, among other reasons, by his wife’s rejection of him; she is not one to submit to the male role- fall on his son Theron, played by George Hamilton, who, adding a few faults of his own, also makes a mess of his life. The only one to come somewhat well off from this situation is the Captain’s illegitimate son, Rafe, who has a character that allows him not to perpetuate the line of faults committed by his elders. He has no children himself but fathers as his own Theron’s illegitimate son. In a way, the biological line is broken –at least the one springing from Hannah and the Captain- and some soothing happiness can ensue when Rafe sees that Hannah accepts him as the Captain’s legitimate son.</p>
<p>I wonder if Larkin saw this film. It was very famous in its time and was selected for the 1960 Cannes Awards, though it was not granted any. But it is quite clear the issues dealt with, human condition as negative and not deserving further repetition, parents-children relationships, education in the absence of love, and others, are shared by both film and poem. It even seems as if the fact the film has a wholly inland setting is counteracted by Larkin’s mentioning of the “coastal shelf”, a very frightening image, on the other hand, which suggests the earth eroding secretly under our feet, secretly pursuing a future of dissolution. We can add to this the fact that Larkin was a great womanizer himself, a women hunter capable of handling up to three different love affairs at the same time.</p>
<p>So there stands “Home from the Hill” as a bridge between Stevenson and Larkin. As concerns the contents. Preceded, maybe, by Lorca’s poem.</p>
<p>As to the form, both are written in iambic tetrameter, though they have different rhyming. Stevenson’s Requiem rhymes aaab cccb, while Larkin’s poem rhymes abab cdcd efef.</p>
<p>The points of view expressed are, on the other hand, completely  opposite to each other. Stevenson’s is a Requiem, a chant to death, a word that in Latin means “rest”, which is what the living desire for those who are dead. Rest from much living or from much suffering. Its relation with Christian liturgy is, besides, obvious. Larkin, due to the many reasons I have already formulated above, would never abide to such an attitude to death, despite suggesting no more children should be had, which is in itself another form of death, a much ampler one, one that would lead to the extinction of the human race. Yet, of course, ones understanding of death can only come from ones experience of life and Larkin’s dissatisfaction and disillusion with life are undeniable, they were his particular mark as much as the mark of his time.</p>
<p>One final remark. The fact Larkin titled his poem “This be the Verse” drawing a direct line between his and Stevenson’s poem, a connection that would otherwise probably pass unseen, suggests he knew the attitude reflected in it would be the one to enter posterity. He was, thus, willingly leaving in the dark the many hints at a more positive thought that appear in his poetry, the short glimpses of light. The reasons for this I cannot tell. Maybe he, like Cioran, did intimately desire the existence of a god in which he could believe without feeling he was being deceived.</span></p>
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		<title>pensando en petirrojos</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:58:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[naturaleza]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Quizás el día del año en que más piense en los pájaros sea hoy, uno de enero. Los otros días les doy de comer el pan que va sobrando y me gusta mirarles cuando vienen -me conocen- a la acera bajo el balcón desde las vallas y tejados cercanos -me estaban esperando-. Pero hoy, como [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=284&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Quizás el día del año en que más piense en los pájaros sea hoy, uno de enero.<br />
Los otros días les doy de comer el pan que va sobrando y me gusta mirarles cuando vienen -me conocen- a la acera bajo el balcón desde las vallas y tejados cercanos -me estaban esperando-. Pero hoy, como todos los días uno del año, es un día especial.<br />
La urbanización -ciudad, campo, no importa- está especialmente tranquila y olvidada de todo, sumida en el sueño de los días muy festivos, y, no sé por qué, suele lucir un sol frío pero amable. Los pájaros hace tiempo que se han despertado y esperan. Hoy son más insignificantes -comparados con la magnitud del nuevo año- pero más sonoros -esa misma magnitud impone silencio- que los otros días. Dicen, además, que la vida sigue igual, por mucho que algunos crean lo contrario. Que nosotros, como ellos, somos iguales. Que el recién llegado invierno está ahí delante, entero por golpear. La vida.<br />
La mayoría de ellos la perderán de aquí hasta la llegada de la primavera.<br />
Una de las especies más castigadas es el petirrojo. Un elevado índice de población muere en invierno (de hecho esta tasa hace que su longevidad media en libertad sea de tan solo un año, mientras que en cautividad viven hasta once años), aunque esto se ve compensado por su gran capacidad de reproducción.<br />
Quizás sea su pecho sonrojado, su mirada intensa y su actitud osada que le hace acercarse a los humanos sobre todo en épocas de necesidad, lo que ha convertido al petirrojo en un símbolo de la navidad. Es hermoso, desafiante y cantarín, y es frecuente verle solo, pero no por ello menos animoso, buscando comida sobre la nieve.<br />
Con estas dos espléndidas imágenes de petirrojos -robin, en Inglés, como Robin Hood- doy la bienvenida al año añadiendo el siguiente deseo, tan bien expresado por Emily Dickinson:</p>
<p>Not In Vain<br />
If I can stop one heart from breaking,<br />
I shall not live in vain,<br />
If I can ease one life the aching,<br />
Or cool one pain,<br />
Or help one fainting robin<br />
Unto his nest again,<br />
I shall not live in vain.</span></p>
<p><a href="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/christmas20robin.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-291" title="Christmas%20Robin" src="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/christmas20robin.jpg?w=300&#038;h=199" alt="" width="300" height="199" /></a> <span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Fotografía de Mike Helliwell</span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-286" title="robin_6x8" src="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/robin_6x8.jpg?w=226&#038;h=300" alt="" width="226" height="300" /> <span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Acualera de Nigel Artingstall</span></p>
<p><a href="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/babyrobin.gif"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://vidadeniki.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/robin_500_fs.jpg"></a></p>
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			<media:title type="html">Christmas%20Robin</media:title>
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		<title>Libros para hijos visuales</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/12/23/libros-para-hijos-visuales/</link>
		<comments>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/12/23/libros-para-hijos-visuales/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2009 07:59:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Educación]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libros]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Las pasadas navidades le compré a mi hijo (de entonces 11 años y estudiante de 6º de primaria) un gordísimo libro de historia universal. Así dicho esto suena a barbaridad. O a que tengo un hijo superdotado. Pero no es ninguno de los dos casos. Por más que me llevo empeñando hasta ahora, a mi [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=282&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Las pasadas navidades le compré a mi hijo (de entonces 11 años y estudiante de 6º de primaria) un gordísimo libro de historia universal. Así dicho esto suena a barbaridad. O a que tengo un hijo superdotado. Pero no es ninguno de los dos casos. Por más que me llevo empeñando hasta ahora, a mi hijo no le divierte mucho leer, mal de muchos que en absoluto me consuela. En casa, si algo sobra, eso son libros, que hay más de mil. Bueno, y gatos quizá también, que hay cuatro. Joel, los fines de semana en que le dejo quedarse hasta tarde viendo alguna peli en la tele, cuidadosamente me quita las gafas, retira el libro abierto de mis manos y me apaga la luz cuando se va a la cama, así que ejemplo no le falta. Encima, a diario me ve estudiar. Pero él prefiere los Legos a cualquier otra cosa, y ya se está iniciando en algún juego del ordenador.<br />
Cuando le regalé el libro el año pasado me miró con cara de &#8220;mi madre no tiene remedio pero conmigo no puede&#8221;.<br />
Hasta ahora he esperado paciente. Y Joel, al final, ha caído. ¡Ya le gusta!<br />
Y, ¿qué libro es ese? La editorial Alhambra Pearson tiene en el mercado unas Guías Visuales sobre temas generales maravillosamente concebidas para esa gente que de sólo pensar en el concepto &#8220;libro&#8221; ya se pone mala. Llena de fotografías espectaculares, tablas cronológicas y mapas; organizada de modo que cada dos páginas se trate un tema, que siempre tienes entero a la vista; con llamadas a lo que sucedió inmediatamente antes y después de cada momento histórico; fragmentada la información para que no existan trechos largos de texto sino muchos apartados pequeños y asequibles, a base de &#8220;bits&#8221; biográficos, sucesos puntuales y curiosidades; en fin, pensada para todos aquellos a los que les cuesta leer aunque quieran saber, ésta, y las otras obras que componen la serie de Guías Visuales, son obras muy útiles y además hermosas. Desde luego, valen la pasta que te cobran por ellas, que no es poca, por lo que se convierten en los típicos libros para regalar en estas fechas. Así y todo, creo que son buenas para cualquier época del año. De hecho, yo he me comprado este otoño una de más pequeño formato sobre Mitos y Leyendas del Mundo que me parece una joya.<br />
Y para estas navidades ya me he hecho con la dedicada a la Tierra, que Joel, ahora en 1º de la ESO, me ha quitado de las manos. Él y algunos cuantos más de mis alumnos; alumnos, por cierto, de esos que no dan palo al agua así les den de latigazos.<br />
El cebo, y la letra, por el ojo entran. </span></p>
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		<title>2012 y Philip José Farmer</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/12/05/2012-y-philip-jose-farmer/</link>
		<comments>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/12/05/2012-y-philip-jose-farmer/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Dec 2009 18:34:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philip José Farmer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/?p=276</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Hace poco he tenido ocasión de ver 2012. Acudí al cine empujada por mi hijo de 12 años Joel, cuyo mote casero de Pirivín -no sé por qué se lo pusimos, quizás por ser muy larguirucho y flaco- hace que a este tipo de películas las llamemos &#8220;cine piriviniano&#8221;. En fin, como todavía está en la [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=276&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Hace poco he tenido ocasión de ver 2012. Acudí al cine empujada por mi hijo de 12 años Joel, cuyo mote casero de Pirivín -no sé por qué se lo pusimos, quizás por ser muy larguirucho y flaco- hace que a este tipo de películas las llamemos &#8220;cine piriviniano&#8221;. En fin, como todavía está en la edad de que se le satisfagan deseos de este tipo -ya llegará el día en que se le pueda decir &#8220;pues ve tú&#8221;- , para allá fuimos los dos.<br />
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Casualmente estos días estoy enfrascada -a pesar de que no debo, no, pues llevo diez asignaturas en la universidad, todo para acabar este año la carrera- en la lectura de &#8220;The Riverworld Saga&#8221; una estupenda colección de libros de ciencia ficción de Philip José Farmer, ambientados en un futuro planeta donde toda la humanidad es resucitada con oscuros propósitos -por cierto, la pista a estos libros me vino sugerida por una entrada ya algo lejana en el blog <a href="http://deproapopa.blogspot.com/">oteando desde proa</a> , cuyo autor es un gran entendedor de ciencia ficción y otras más o menos pragmáticas realidades-.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">En mi cabeza se debieron solapar ambas historias, pues cuando salí del cine, muy consciente de que había visto un auténtico bodrio de película, con un argumento tan endeble como manido, además de ninguna justicia poética -a ver, ¿por qué se tiene que morir el novio de la protagonista?, ¿sólo para que su ex pueda recuperarla? Si ni siquiera es uno de los malos&#8230;- pero con un presupuesto de los que derraman billetes por los bordes de la billetera, aplicados a que el ordenador eche humo de tantos efectos especiales que le obligan a hacer, pues en ese momento me acordé de Riverworld, y de cómo , tras la más utópica de las resurrecciones -todos jóvenes, sanos, con las necesidades cubiertas&#8230;- viene la más cruenta, por humana, distopía, la violencia, la locura, el suicidio express&#8230;-.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Realmente me hubiera gustado saber cómo transcurre la vida en el barco, uno de los únicos tres que sobreviven al cataclismo planetario, durante esa típica elipsis que va desde la última catástrofe que salvan por los pelos y la primera salida a la cubierta para ver el sol y el nuevo mundo lleno de posibilidades de futuro. Son apenas tres meses, si no recuerdo mal, de elipsis, pero dudo mucho que el género humano aparezca sonriente, bien vestido y alimentado y en alegre conpaña, cuando por pura moralina aceptan dentro del arca salvadora a mucha más gente de la que tienen recursos para mantener. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Claro que esos tres meses podrían hacernos desear que la humanidad no hubiera sobrevivido.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';"> </span></p>
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		<title>El dudoso devoto del Sr.Revilla</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/el-dudoso-devoto-del-sr-revilla/</link>
		<comments>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/el-dudoso-devoto-del-sr-revilla/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 18:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cantabria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociedad]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/?p=274</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A cuenta de mi anterior entrada, ayer he tenido el &#8220;gozo&#8221; de leer en el Diario Montañés la siguiente declaración del Presidente de la Comunidad de Cantabria, el Sr. Revilla, tras la entrega de la susodicha Medalla a Miguel Delibes. &#8220;Creo -añadió- que esta medalla le ha hecho tanta ilusión o más que la que [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=274&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">A cuenta de mi anterior entrada, ayer he tenido el &#8220;gozo&#8221; de leer en el Diario Montañés la siguiente declaración del Presidente de la Comunidad de Cantabria, el Sr. Revilla, tras la entrega de la susodicha Medalla a Miguel Delibes.<br />
&#8220;Creo -añadió- que esta medalla le ha hecho tanta ilusión o más que la que hace días le concedió la Junta de Castilla y León. Porque la de la Junta se le concede por obligación, qué menos, pero la nuestra es por devoción&#8221;.<br />
Cómo será de tibia esa devoción que hace por lo menos un par de años que se la habían concedido, como ya indiqué anteriormente.<br />
Y de paso, a tocarle un poco los piés -o los molinos- a la comunidad vecina, que ya se sabe que además de pródigo en devoción el Sr. Revilla lo es en cordialidad y tontuna.</span></p>
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		<title>Premiando, premiando y con el mazo dando</title>
		<link>http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/premiando-premiando-y-con-el-mazo-dando/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 07:27:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>vidadeniki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Paralelismos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociedad]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://vidadeniki.wordpress.com/?p=270</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Me alegra saber que hay lugares donde, cuando a uno le dan un premio, se lo dan de verdad. Valga como ejemplo el que le han dado a Clint Eastwood en Francia. Aquí, en España, en concreto en Cantabria, tierra de las mil danzas -y los mil danzantes- las cosas no son ni parecidas. Hace [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=vidadeniki.wordpress.com&amp;blog=849399&amp;post=270&amp;subd=vidadeniki&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Me alegra saber que hay lugares donde, cuando a uno le dan un premio, se lo dan de verdad. Valga como ejemplo el que le han dado a Clint Eastwood en Francia.<br />
Aquí, en España, en concreto en Cantabria, tierra de las mil danzas -y los mil danzantes- las cosas no son ni parecidas. Hace ya algún tiempo -algún año, más bien-que le han concedido a Miguel Delibes un premio y este pasado verano todavía andaban diciendo que a ver cuando se pasaban por Valladolid para hacerle la entrega. Quizás estén esperando el siempre propicio momento de su muerte para ello.</span> </p>
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